s-husky said:
The flaw in your statement is that word 'educated'. To be considered educated you needed knowledge and knowledge was closely controlled, usually by the church. Most ruler/governments/leaders feared educated/knowledgeable people who were not cradled in the arms of the church. The church controlled most knowledge at least until the development of the printing press. As is often touted today knowledge is power. Rulers didn't want the masses to have knowledge. Then they'd know they were being screwed over and might want to do something; fight. rebel, go on strike, VOTE!!!!
Keep them dumb and safe from themselves.
As far as the canard you speak of, it's the first I've heard of it. Got to look into it.
I'd question whether it was a deliberate conspiracy of ignorance, although undoubtedly in some cases it was (I wonder what Machiavelli had to say on the subject, time to dust off
The Prince).
Economics and practicality played a big part in it. It just wasn't
possible to disseminate information and education widely. As you note, a lot of European medieval history predates the (Western) invention of the printing press. When you have to pay (or at least
feed) a monk to make a hand copied version of a book before you can read it, books are the province of the wealthy and privileged. Without books, the amount of information you can transmit by oral tradition is limited. It makes you really appreciate the Internet, where information can be disseminated and discussed in minutes and not years, doesn't it (although
Sturgeon's Law rears its ugly head)? Toss in the fact that most serfs were too busy raising enough food to barely keep from starving to death (at least until the beginning of the "High Middle Ages") that they lacked time, energy, and resources to learn to read and write. Educational opportunities were pretty bleak unless you became part of the clergy or entered the monastic orders.
As for the shape of the Earth, the ancient Greek philosophers had determined the shape of the Earth thousands of years prior to the Medieval age. They even determined it's rough size (although their estimates were off by several 100%). As you noted though, there is a difference between
known and
commonly known.